Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Puts Pregnant Women at High Risk of Preeclampsia

Clinical practice guidelines recommend that women who are at high risk of pre-eclampsia should receive prophylactic aspirin beginning at 12–16 weeks of gestation. Unfortunately, physicians often have difficulty determining in early pregnancy which women are at high risk. Clinicians, thus, need an evidence-based list of risk factors that can be applied, before 16 weeks of gestation, to estimate a woman’s risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Researchers at the University of Toronto in Canada have now created such a list. They found that the strongest risk factor is the presence of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

Emily Bartsch, BMSc, and colleagues published the results  of their systematic review on April 19 in BMJ.¹ Their meta-analyses were designed to identify clinical risk factors that serve as potential determinants of preeclampsia.

“By restricting our analyses to studies examining risk factors determined in early pregnancy, we focused on risk factors that could lead to a timely intervention, such as aspirin prophylaxis,” write the authors in their discussion. “We generated reliable and consistent results across studies, as most were completed in the past two decades within Western countries, and about two-thirds used a standard clinical definition of pre-eclampsia. This was evidenced by a 2.7% weighted mean event rate for all risk factors across all unexposed groups, a figure close to that estimated within Western countries.”

The review identified 92 large sample cohort studies that included data from more than 25 million women. The investigators focused their efforts on determining the contributions of 14 common clinical risk factors for the development of preeclampsia. They calculated the pooled relative risk of developing preeclampsia in the presence or absence of each risk factor. They also calculated the pooled population attributable fraction for preeclampsia in relation to each risk factor. The large meta-analyses allowed them to avoid much of the bias that can be found in smaller studies.

Five risk factors stood out as having the strongest association with a high rate of preeclampsia:

• Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (17.3%);
• Chronic hypertension (16%);
• Pregestational diabetes (11%);
• Body mass index (BMI) > 30 (7.1%); and
• Assisted reproductive technology (6.2%).

The presence of any one of these five risk factors translated into a woman being at high risk of developing preeclampsia. Although the presence of these risk factors may trigger use of prophylactic aspirin, the authors note that the effectiveness of aspirin in treating preeclampsia has not yet been evaluated for each individual risk factor or combination of risk factors. The authors suggest, however, that their list should allow clinicians to better estimate a woman’s risk of developing preeclampsia and, thus, better manage her care, whether it be by providing heightened surveillance or prophylactic aspirin.

Lara C. Pullen, PhD, is a medical writer based in the Chicago area.

Reference

1. Bartsch E, Medcalf KE, Park AL, et al. Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies. BMJ. 2016 Apr 19;353:i1753. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i1753.