Andy Bonin is a medical director for Blue Cross & Blue Shield of North Carolina’s Department of Appeals, and an assistant consulting professor at Duke University School of Medicine, teaching in the Family Medicine Residency Program. He has more than 35 years of clinical practice experience, since graduating from Duke Medical School in 1975. He is board certified in Family Medicine and has a Certificate of Added Qualification in Sports Medicine. He is a regular provider of free medical care in the Open Door Clinic of Wake Co. Urban Ministries and the TROSA Clinic in Durham. He is also a Certified Professional Coder.
References
- Luo X, Pietronbon R, Sun SX, et al. Estimates and patterns of direct health care expenditures among individuals with back pain in the United States. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Jan 1;29(1):79–86.
- Brennan GP, Fritz JM, Hunter SJ, et al. Identifying subgroups of patients with acute/subacute “nonspecific” low back pain: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Mar 15;31(6):623–631.
- Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: A Joint Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Oct 2;147(7):478–491.
- Jette AM, Delitto A. Physical therapy episodes of care for patients with low back pain. Phys Ther. 1994 Feb;74(2):101–110.
- Fritz JM, Delitto A. Erhard DC. Comparison of classification based physical therapy with therapy based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain: A randomized clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Jul 1;28(13):1363–1372.
- Fritz JM, Cleland JA, Childs JD. Subgrouping patients with low back pain: Evolution of a classification approach to physical therapy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007 Jun;37(6):290–302.
- Fritz JM, Georges S. The use of a classification approach to identify subgroups of patients with acute low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000; 25(1):106–114.
- Delitto A, Erhand RE, Bowling RW. A treatment‐based classification approach to low back syndrome: Identifying and staging patients for conservative treatment. Phys Ther. 1995 Jun;75:470–489.
- Brennan GP, Fritz JM, Hunter SJ, et al. Identifying subgroups of patients with acute/subacute ‘nonspecific’ low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Mar 15;31(6):623–631.
- Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM. A systematic review identifies five ‘red flags’ to screen for vertebral fracture in patients with low back pain. J Clin Epidemiol. Feb;61(2):110–118. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.04.013.
- Leerar PJ, Boissonnault W, Domholdt E, et al. Documentation of red flags of physical therapists for patients with low back pain. J Man Manip Ther. 2007;15(1):42–49.
- New Zealand Acute LBP Guide. New Zealand Guidelines Group.
- Cleland JA, Fritz JM, Brennan GP. Predictive validity of initial fear avoidance beliefs in patients with low back pain receiving physical therapy: Is the FABQ a useful screening tool for identifying patients at risk for a poor recovery? Eur Spine J. 2008 Jan;17(1):70–79.
- Fritz JM, George SZ. Identifying psychological variables in patients with acute work-related low back pain: The importance of fear-avoidance beliefs. Phys Ther. 2002 Oct;82(10):973–983.
- Fritz JM, George SZ, Delitto A. The role of fear-avoidance beliefs in acute low back pain: Relationships with current and future disability and work status. Pain. 2001 Oct;94(1):7–15.
- Gelhorn AC, Chan L, Martin B, et al. Management patterns in acute low back pain: The role of physical therapy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012 Apr 20;37(9):775–782.
- Fritz JM, Childs JD, Wainner RS, et al. Primary care referral of patients with low back pain to physical therapy: Impact on future health care utilization and costs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012 Dec 1;37(25):2114–2121.
- Nordemann L, Nilsoon B, Moller M, et al. Early access to physical therapy treatment for subacute low back pain in primary healthcare: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2006 Jul–Aug;22(6):505–511.
- Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Noe C, et al. Treatment and cost-effectiveness of early intervention for acute low back pain patients: One-year prospective study. J Occup Rehabil. 2003 Mar;13(1):1–9.
- Pinnington MA, Miller J, Stanley I. An evaluation of prompt access to physiotherapy in the management of low back pain in primary care. Fam Pract. 2004 Aug;21(4):372–380.
- Flynn T, Fritz JM, Whitman J, et al. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrates short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002 Dec 15;27(24):2835–2843.
- Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, et al. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: A validation study. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 21;141(12):920–928.
- Casazza BA. Diagnosis and treatment of acute low back pain. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Feb 15;85(4):343–350.
- Alqarni AM, Schneiders AG, Hendrick PA. Clinical tests to diagnose lumbar segmental instability: A systematic review. J Orthop & Sports Phys Ther. 2011 Mar;41(3):130–140.
- Cook C, Brismee JM, Sizer PS Jr. Subjective and objective descriptors of clinical lumbar instability: A Delphi study. Man Ther. 2006 Feb;11(1):11–21.
- Hayes MA, Howard TC, Gruel CR, et al. Roentgenographic evaluation of lumbar spine flexion‐extension in asymptomatic individuals. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1989 Mar;14(3):327–331.
- Bergmark A. Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1989;230:1–54.
- Hides JA, Richardson CA, Jull GA. Multifidus muscle recovery is not automatic after resolution of acute, first-episode low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996 Dec 1;21(23):2763–2769.
- Hides JA, Jull GA, Richardson CA. Long-term effects of specific stabilizing exercises for first‐episode low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001 Jun 1;26(11):E243–E248.
- Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Delayed postural contraction of transversus abdominis in low back pain associated with movement of the lower limb. J Spinal Disord. 1998 Feb;11(1):46–56.
- Hicks GE, Frit JM, Delitto A, et al. Preliminary development of a clinical prediction rule for determining which patients with low back pain will respond to a stabilization exercise program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Sep;86(9):1753–1762.
- McKenzie RA. The Lumbar Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy. Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications Ltd, 1989.
- Fritz JM, Delitto A, Vignovic M, et al. Interrater reliability of judgments of the centralization phenomenon and status change during movement testing in patients with low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 Jan;81(1):57–61.
- Werneke MW, Hart DC, Resnik L, et al. Centralization: Prevalence and effect on treatment outcomes using a standardized operational definition and operational method. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008 Mar;38(3):116–125.
- Aina A, May S, Clare H. The centralization phenomenon of spinal symptoms—A systematic review. Man Ther. 2004 Aug;9(3):134–143.
- Long A, Donelson R, Fung T. Does it matter which exercise? A randomized control trial of exercise for low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Dec 1;29(23):2593–2602.
- Clarke J, van Tulder M, Blomberg S, et al. Traction for low back pain with or without sciatica: An updates systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Jun 15;31(14):1591–1599.
- Werners R, Pynsent PB, Bulstrode CJ. Randomized trial comparing interferential therapy with motorized lumbar traction and massage in the management of low back pain in a primary care setting. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 Aug 1;24(15):1579–1584.
- Fritz JM, Lindsay W, Matheson JW, et al. Is there a subgroup of patients with low back pain likely to benefit from mechanical traction? Results of a randomized clinical trial and subgrouping analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Dec 15;32(26):E793–E800.
- Nordeman TH, Nilsson B. Möller M et al. Early access to physical therapy treatment for subacute low back pain in primary care. Clin J Pain. 2006 Jul–Aug;22(6):505–511.
- Panajabi MM. Clinical spinal instability and low back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003 Aug;13(4):371–379.
- Panjabi MM. The stabilizing system of the spine. Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement. J Spinal Disord. 1992 Dec;5(4):383–389.