Mirtazapine Ineffective for Fibromyalgia

Often, patients with fibromyalgia have chronic widespread pain, sleep disturbance, cognitive dysfunction and poor quality of life. Absent a drug therapy specifically for fibromyalgia, physicians target treatment at these symptoms hoping to decrease associated disability.

Some physicians prescribe the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapine off-label to fibromyalgia patients who have not responded to other treatments. Mirtazapine increases serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the central nervous system. Because those neurotransmitters play a role in pain, sleep and mood, the hope is mirtazapine use may improve some fibromyalgia symptoms.

However, a Cochrane Review has found no difference between mirtazapine (15–45 mg daily) and placebo for any primary outcome in the treatment of fibromyalgia.¹ The review notes that although some patients may experience moderate pain relief and better sleep with mirtazapine, these results are difficult to predict. Additionally, mirtazapine can cause drowsiness, weight gain and liver damage. Thus for most fibromyalgia patients, any potential benefits from mirtazapine do not appear to outweigh its potential harm.

Patrick Welsch, a researcher at the Health Care Center for Pain Medicine and Mental Health in Germany, and colleagues published the results of their systematic review online Aug. 6. They note the quality of evidence was low or very low. The authors identified only three studies, all of which were of questionable quality. They described issues of indirectness, imprecision, risk of publication bias and, in some cases, low number of events.

The three studies included 606 participants and compared mirtazapine with placebo over 7–13 weeks. The studies found both mirtazapine and placebo reduced pain by 50% in approximately 20% of patients (22% for mirtazapine and 16% for placebo). When the authors lowered the efficacy threshold to 30% or more, they found treatment with mirtazapine was associated with a clinically relevant benefit compared with placebo (47% for mirtazapine and 34% for placebo). Additionally, mirtazapine was better than placebo for average pain intensity and sleep problems. However, mirtazapine was not better than placebo in reducing fatigue, depression or improving health-related quality of life.

The authors found only one serious adverse event in the studies. They also noted very few patients dropped out of the studies due to adverse events (3% for mirtazapine and 2% for placebo). Overall, no difference between the mirtazapine and placebo groups existed with regard to the number of patients experiencing adverse events (76% mirtazapine vs. 59% placebo). But patients on mirtazapine were more likely to experience somnolence (42% vs. 14%), weight gain (19% vs. 1%) and elevated alanine aminotransferase (13% vs. 2%).

Lara C. Pullen, PhD, is a medical writer based in the Chicago area.

Reference

1. Welsch P, Bernardy K, Derry S, et al. Mirtazapine for fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 6;8:CD012708. [Epub ahead of print]