Mitigating Preeclampsia Risk May Reduce Preterm Birth, Cesarean Delivery

Interventions targeted at mitigating the risk of preeclampsia may reduce preterm birth and cesarean delivery in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and psoriasis. That’s one key finding of a retrospective study published in Arthritis Care & Research.¹ The study set out to quantify the mediated effects of autoimmune conditions on adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Although it’s known that women with autoimmune conditions are at increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, less understood is the role played by pregnancy complications on adverse birth outcomes in these women.

Dr. Bandoli

“Researchers and clinicians have suspected that part of the increased risk of adverse birth outcomes observed in women with autoimmune conditions may be mediated through adverse pregnancy outcomes,” says the study’s lead author, Gretchen Bandoli, PhD, assistant adjunct professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego.

A Look at the Study

The study set out to better understand the direct (i.e., non-mediated) and indirect (i.e., mediated) effects of select autoimmune conditions on adverse pregnancy outcomes. It expands on previous data, which showed that women with RA, SLE and psoriasis have a 1.5- to 2.0-fold increased risk of preterm birth and cesarean delivery by quantifying the proportion of that excess risk attributable to pregnancy complications.

The investigators used a causal mediation analysis to estimate the total effects of each of four autoimmune conditions—RA, SLE, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—on adverse pregnancy outcome, as well as the indirect effects due to pregnancy complications.

“In brief, mediation occurs when an exposure causes an event, which in turn causes the outcome of interest,” says Dr. Bandoli. A causal mediation analysis, she explains, “allows for interactions between the exposure and mediators, and is robust to confounding that may bias traditional mediation analyses.”

The study population was drawn from a cohort of women with live-born singletons born between 20 and 44 weeks of gestation in California between 2007 and 2012, and further restricted to mother-infant dyads with linked hospital discharge records (n=2,963,888). Of that population, 3,129 (0.11%) were women with RA, 3,863 (0.13%) with SLE, 1,255 (0.04%) with psoriasis and 2,714 (0.09%) with IBD. Birth outcomes examined included preterm birth, cesarean delivery and small-for-gestational-
age offspring. Pregnancy complications (potential mediators) studied included preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and infections. Table 1 lists the key findings of the study.

Overall, preeclampsia proved to be the most important mediator of excess birth outcomes risk in select women. The study found women with RA, SLE and psoriasis had a 20–30% excess risk of preterm births and a 10–20% excess risk of cesarean delivery, mediated by preeclampsia. Although women with IBD had the same increased risk of preterm birth and cesarean delivery as women with RA, preeclampsia was not found to mediate the excess risk.

Other pregnancy complications played less of a mediating role in excess adverse birth outcomes. Gestational diabetes and pregnancy infections accounted for less than 10% of excess risk of preterm birth, cesarean delivery or small-for-gestational-age offspring regardless of the type of autoimmune condition.

Using the same model, the investigators stratified the population by race/ethnicity (i.e., non-Hispanic white, Latina, Black and Asian women) to see if mediation differed by race/ethnicity. Table 2 highlights key findings of that analysis.

Dr. Bandoli says further heterogeneity was found when assessing mediated pathways by race/ethnicity, although the patterns differed when examining the different autoimmune conditions. She underscores that sample sizes were limited when the analysis was narrowed by race/ethnicity and disease.

“Overall, we found Latinas with RA and Latinas and Asian women with SLE may benefit the most from interventions targeting preeclampsia/hypertension with respect to the increased risk of preterm birth,” she says.

Mitigating Preeclampsia

“Of the three pregnancy complications we assessed, mitigating the risk of preeclampsia will do the most to reduce the risk of preterm birth and cesarean delivery in women with RA, SLE and psoriasis,” says Dr. Bandoli. “However, we would not expect it to have as much impact on those outcomes in women with IBD.”

For women with IBD, the study findings didn’t provide information on any pregnancy complications that may explain the excess risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, according to Dr. Bandoli. “[This] suggests that either the disease directly affects the risk, instead of through pregnancy complications, or it’s operating through mediated pathways that we did not consider” she says.

The data also do not suggest that interventions targeted at pregnancy infection or gestational diabetes will have much of an impact on reducing these select adverse birth outcomes in women with auto­immune disease, Dr. Bandoli says.

Mary Beth Nierengarten is a freelance medical journalist based in Minneapolis.

Reference

1. Bandoli G, Singh N, Strouse J, et al. Mediation of adverse pregnancy outcomes in autoimmune conditions by pregnancy complications: A mediation analysis of autoimmune conditions and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Feb;72(2):256–264.