Ellen M. Field, MD, FACR, CCD, is a rheumatologist in private practice in Lehigh Valley, Pa.
References
- National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF). www.nof.org.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General; 2004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45513.
- Teitlebaum SL. Osteoclasts: What do they do and how do they do it? Am J Pathology. 2007;170(2):427–435. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1851862.
- Clemens TL, Rosen CJ. The insulin-like growth factor system and bone. Insulin-Like Growth Factors. Landes Bioscience. Austin, Texas, 2003.
- Kogianni, G, Noble BS. The biology of osteocytes. Curr Osteoporosis Rep. 2007;5(2):81–86.
- McClung MR, Lewiecki EM, Cohen SB, et al. Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:821–831.
- Bone HG, Bolognese MA, Yuen CK, et al. Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(6):2149–2157.
- Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, et al. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8):756–765.
- Brown JP, Prince RL, Deal C, et al. Comparison of the effect of denosumab and alendronate on BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: A randomized, blinded, phase 3 trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(1):153–161.
- Kendler DL, Roux C, Benhamou CL, et al. Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women transitioning from alendronate therapy. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(1):72–81.
- Logan Cy, Nusse R. The Wnt signaling pathway in development and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2004;20:781–810.
- Ott SM. Sclerostin and Wnt signaling—The pathway to bone strength. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(12):6741–6743.
- Yadav VK, Ryu JH, Suda N, et al. Lrp5 controls bone formation by inhibiting serotonin synthesis in the duodenum. Cell. 2008;135(5):825–837.
- Goldring SR. Pathogenesis of bone and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2003;42(Suppl.2):ii11-ii16.
- Schett G, Hayer S, Zwerina J, et al. Mechanisms of disease: The link between RANKL and arthritic bone disease. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2005;1(1):47–54.
- Vuolteenaho K, Moilanen T, Hämäläinen M, et al. Effects of TNFα-antagonists on nitric oxide production in human cartilage. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2002;10(4):327–332.