AMSTERDAM—Research in myositis treatments is beginning to find its way, with investigators pursuing avenues special to the disease so therapy for patients may no longer involve piggybacking on existing treatments for other illnesses, an expert said at EULAR: the Annual European Congress of Rheumatology.
“Finally, in myositis there are targets being investigated that are more specific to the actual pathogenesis in our disease rather than just being borrowed,” said Hector Chinoy, PhD, BMBS, MSc, senior clinical lecturer and consultant rheumatologist at the University of Manchester, England.
Drug Development
Several drugs have shown promise in early stage research and are being developed further.
Follistatin gene therapy, which causes a reduction in myostatin and naturally inhibits muscle growth, produced a significant difference in six-minute walk distance, as well as a reduction in fibrosis, in six treated patients with inclusion body myositis compared with untreated patients.1
“The drug doesn’t just appear to be promoting muscle regeneration in hypertrophy, but it’s also inhibiting certain proinflammatory cytokines, including TGF beta and fibronectin,” Dr. Chinoy said.
Those results were more encouraging than recent findings for bimagrumab, another myostatin inhibitor, for which sixminute walk distance didn’t change over six months, although improvements in lean body mass were seen.2
A treatment strategy that is getting more attention in myositis—but not enough—are innate immune mechanisms, according to Dr. Chinoy. “It’s an area that we really need to start concentrating on in terms of pharma cotherapy,” he said.
One drug, rapamycin, can potentially deplete T effector cells, preserve T regulatory cells and induce protein degradation—parameters that are all impaired in inclusion body myositis. In a phase 2, randomized, controlled trial, the drug didn’t meet its primary outcome of stabilization of maximal voluntary quadriceps isometric strength over 12 months compared with placebo, but it did achieve significant improvement in six-minute walk distance and some other measures.3 “It’s potentially promising data,” Dr. Chinoy said.
Other work in refractory skin-predominant dermatomyositis has found that anabasum, a cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist, produced significant improvement in the cutaneous dermatomyositis disease area and severity index (CDASIv2) over placebo at 16 weeks.4
An ongoing problem in myositis treatment, Dr. Chinoy said, is the use of steroids, which can improve creatinine kinase (CK) levels but doesn’t improve the clinical status of patients.
Investigators recently found the one approved therapy for myositis, Acthar gel, which has been approved in the U.S. since 1952 but is not approved in Europe, produced a big decrease in steroid use from baseline to six months—18.5 mg to 2.1 mg a day. But Dr. Chinoy noted the study’s small size and that the drug is expensive.5
Get Your Patients to Move
Dr. Chinoy also highlighted the importance of exercise, which he said has been shown to be safe in myositis.
“We should be starting—ideally—supervised resistance training in combination with aerobic exercise, starting four weeks after initiation of treatment or as soon as the patients are able to start exercising,” he said.
One recent study found that endurance exercise altered 39 microRNAs in myositis patients compared with controls, including changes associated with decreased immune responses and increased mitochondrial biogenesis—both of which would be expected to improve disease.6
Final Thoughts
Treating myositis remains a challenge not only because of the lack of approved therapies, but because of overlap clinically with other diseases.
“Patients can present with interstitial lung disease, with malignancy, with arthritis,” Dr. Chinoy said. “The whole thing can be quite confusing. … The first challenge is to try to get the correct diagnosis.”
Beyond that, he said, “It’s important that we adopt a multidisciplinary approach tailored to disease activity to serotype to phenotype. At the end of the day, we want to improve muscle strength, we want to suppress extramuscular manifestations, and we want to minimize any risk of complications.”
Dr. Chinoy said he is encouraged by recent developments in the field. “All in all, these are exciting times in myositis.”
Thomas R. Collins is a freelance writer living in South Florida.
References
- Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Al-Zaidy S, et al. Follistatin gene therapy for sporadic inclusion body myositis improves functional outcomes. Mol Ther. 2017 Apr 5;25(4):870–879.
- Amato AA, Badrising U, Benveniste O, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bimagrumab in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(suppl 10).
- Benveniste O, Hogrel JY, Annoussamy M, et al. Rapamycin vs. placebo for the treatment of inclusion body myositis: Improvement of the 6 min walking distance, a functional scale, the FVC and muscle quantitative MRI [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(suppl 10).
- Werth VP, Hejazi E, Pena SM, et al. A phase 2 study of safety and efficacy of anabasum (JBT-101), a cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist, in refractory skin-predominant dermatomyositis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(suppl 10).
- Aggarwal R, Marder G, Koontz DC, et al. Efficacy and safety of adrenocorticotropic hormone gel in refractory dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 May;77(5):720–727.
- Boehler JF, Hogarth MW, Barberio MD, et al. Effect of endurance exercise on microRNAs in myositis skeletal muscle—A randomized controlled study. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 22;12(8):e0183292.
