Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome is a rare oculo-renal inflammatory disease.
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Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome, also known as Dobrin syndrome, is a rare oculo-renal inflammatory disease. It was first described in 1975 by American physician Robert Dobrin, MD.1 It manifests as acute interstitial nephritis and bilateral uveitis. In addition, patients often experience nonspecific systemic findings, such as fever, weight loss, malaise, myalgia and arthralgia.
TINU syndrome has an excellent prognosis. It has been sporadically documented in case reports in various ophthalmology and nephrology journals. It mostly occurs in adolescents and young females, with a median age of onset of 15 years.2 Much of the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear; however, T lymphocytes have been reported to play a significant role in this syndrome.3 Certain associations have been documented, but in most cases, no risk factors are identifiable.4
Six months before, she had been treated with antibiotic eyedrops for an eye infection. The infection cleared up, but she soon developed bilateral uveitis and was treated with steroid eyedrops (prednisolone acetate 1%). The steroid eyedrops were gradually tapered off, but her uveitis soon recurred.
She presented to a new ophthalmologist and was found to have bilateral, non-granulomatous anterior uveitis. Her topical steroid frequency was increased to six times daily, but she continued to have low-grade uveitis. She was switched to a higher potency steroid drop (difluprednate 0.05%), with a good response.
A uveitis workup was recommended by her ophthalmologist. The differential diagnoses included post-infectious uveitis, sarcoidosis, Behçet’s, TINU syndrome, Lyme disease and HLA-B27-associated uveitis.
On physical exam, the patient was unable to make a fist and had clinical evidence of bilateral synovitis of her second and third proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints.
Urinalysis demonstrated 11–30 WBC/hpf, 11–30 RBC/hpf and elevated urine beta-2 micoglobulin at 1140 µg/L (reference range: 0–300 µg/L). Urine cultures were negative for growth. The rest of her laboratory test results were unremarkable, other than mildly elevated CRP, as shown in Table 1. A chest X-ray was normal.
At this point, we suspected TINU syndrome, given her chronic bilateral anterior uveitis and abnormal urine findings.
A percutaneous renal biopsy was peformed and revealed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in the absence of immunoglobulin or complement deposits on immunofluorescence (see Figures 1–4). The patient was subsequently started on prednisone at a dose of 40 mg/day (1 mg/kg/day) for a presumptive diagnosis of TINU syndrome.
On one month follow-up, she reported resolution of her hand pain and swelling, and her rheumatologic exam was normal, with no evidence of synovitis. Repeat urinalysis at that point was normal. Steroid eye drops were slowly tapered down over a three-month period, and her uveitis remained quiet off of eyedrops. Repeat urine beta-2 microglobulin measurement after four months was normal at 298 µg/L (reference range: 0–300 µg/L).
Figure 1. Normal glomeruli
Figure 2. Interstitial inflammation
Figure 3. Tubulitis
Figure 4. Minimal fibrosis
Discussion
(click for larger image) Table 1: Laboratory Investigations
Key: AST: aminotransferase, aspartate; ALT: aminotransferase, alanine; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ANA: antinuclear antibody; Anti-dsDNA: anti-double-stranded DNA; RF: rheumatoid factor; Anti-CCP: anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; Anti-SS-A: anti-Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A; Anti-SS-B: anti-Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen B; Anti-RNP: anti-ribonucleoprotein; HLA-B27: human leukocyte antigen-B27; HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV antibodies: anti-hepatitis C antibodies
TINU syndrome, which usually occurs in young females, is a rare condition defined by the combination of tubulointerstitial nephritis and bilateral uveitis. This disease was first described more than 40 years ago, but its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.
Limited evidence suggests that a common autoantigen to both the uvea and renal tubular cells (modified C-reactive protein) plays a pivotal role in its pathogenesis.5 Additionally, delayed-type hypersensitivity, with an interleukin-2 mediated proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes, has also been reported.3 Although certain risk factors, such as infection and medications, have been implicated in the onset of TINU syndrome, most often, no cause is identifiable (as in this case).4,6 Other diagnoses, such as sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematusos (SLE), Sjögren’s and spondyloarthropathies, should be considered and ruled out prior to diagnosing TINU syndrome.
Our patient had a positive ANA test, but negative SS-A, SS-B, anti-Smith, anti-DsDNA and anti-RNP antibodies. RF, anti-CCP and HLA-B27 were negative. Her angiotensin-converting enzyme level was normal. She also had a normal chest X-ray. Additionally, her renal biopsy was consistent with acute interstitial nephritis with no other pathological findings suggestive of SLE or sarcoidosis. After we excluded other possible diagnoses, the constellation of bilateral anterior uveitis, acute interstitial nephritis and markedly elevated urinary β2 microglobulin level confirmed the diagnosis of TINU syndrome in our patient.7,9
Although not present in our patient, in some cases of TINU, kidney involvement may present as acute renal failure with proteinuria and glycosuria.8
Our case demonstrates an uncommon presentation in which ocular involvement preceded renal disease. A majority of TINU patients develop uveitis after a biopsy-proved diagnosis of tubulointerstitial nephritis.4 This case is unique because our patient presented with bilateral symmetrical synovitis of her PIP and DIP joints, which occurred about six months before the onset of ocular symptoms and more than one year before the diagnosis of interstitial nephritis.
Although TINU may be associated with systemic findings, such as fever, weight loss and fatigue, synovitis is not a well-documented finding in this syndrome.9 This raises a question regarding whether common autoantigens (known to both the uveal and renal tubular cells) play a role in joint synovial tissue.
We found only one other case report that described the onset of bilateral synovitis, in that case in the knees of a 16-year-old Turkish male with prior diagnosis of TINU.10
Dr. Chawla
Ambreesh Chawla, MD, is a third-year postgraduate internal medicine resident at Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, N.J. With a background in biomedical engineering, Dr. Chawla’s primary goal is to complete a rheumatology fellowship and practice rheumatology, with a focus on clinical research.
David Benderson, MD, is an ophthalmologist with Valley Health System in Ridgewood, N.J.
Dr. Kotlov
Mikhail Kotlov, MD, is a nephrologist with Valley Health System in Midland Park, N.J.
Dr. Leibowitz
Evan Leibowitz, MD, is a rheumatologist with Valley Health System in Midland Park, N.J.
Dr. Raslan
Ashraf Raslan, MD, is a rheumatologist with Valley Health System in Midland Park, N.J.
References
- Dobrin RS, Vernier RL, Fish AL. Acute eosinophilic interstitial nephritis and renal failure with bone marrow-lymph node granulomas and anterior uveitis. A new syndrome. Am J Med. 1975 Sep;59(3):325–333.
- Sessa A, Meroni M, Battini G, et al. Acute renal failure due to idiopathic tubulo-intestinal nephritis and uveitis: ‘TINU syndrome.’ Case report and review of the literature. J Nephrol. 2000 Sep–Oct;13(5):377–380.
- Yoshioka K, Takemura T, Kanasaki M, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome: Activated immune cell infiltration in the kidney. Pediatr Nephrol. 1991 Mar;5(2):232–234.
- Li C, Su T, Chu R, et al. Tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis in Chinese adults. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Jan;9(1):21–28.
- Tan Y, Yu F, Qu Z, et al. Modified C-reactive protein might be a target autoantigen of TINU syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Jan;6(1):93–100.
- Cigni A, Soro G, Faedda R, et al. A case of adult-onset tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (‘TINU syndrome’) associated with sacroileitis and Epstein-Barr virus infection with good spontaneous outcome. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003 Sep;42(3):E4–E10.
- Kase S, Kitaichi N, Namba K, et al. Elevation of serum Krebs von den Lunge-6 levels in patients with tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 Dec;48(6):935–941.
- Gallego N, Estepa R, Mampaso F, et al. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and asymptomatic uveitis. J Nephrol. 2000 Sep–Oct;13(5):373–376.
- Takemura T, Okada M, Hino S, et al. Course and outcome of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999 Dec;34(6):1016–1021.
- Öktem F, Tunc S, Olgar S, et al. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome with symmetrical synovitis in a male adolescent. Eur J Gen Med. 2005 Jan;2(1):27–31.
