Philip Seo, MD, MHS, is an associate professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore. He is director of both the Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center and the Johns Hopkins Rheumatology Fellowship Program.
References
- Rockets, radar, and computers: The International Geophysical Year. NOAA celebrates 200 years of science, service, and stewardship. National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2017 May 12.
- Wallace T. How Sputnik 1 launched the space age. Cosmos Magazine. 2017 Oct 3.
- Sputnik V: What we know about Russia’s coronavirus vaccine. Aljazeera. 2020 Aug 13.
- Phases of clinical trials. National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
- Hong CH, Siah KW, Lo AW. Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters. Biostatistics. 2019 Apr;20(2):273–286.
- Moore TJ, Zhang H, Anderson G, et al. Estimated costs of pivotal trials for novel therapeutic agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration 2015–2016. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Mov 1;178(11):1451–1457.
- Sullivan T. A tough road: Cost to develop one new drug is $2.6 billion; approval rate for drugs entering clinical development is less than 12%. Policy & Medicine. 2019 Mar 21.
- Theuretzbacher U. Recent FDA antibiotic approvals: Good news and bad news. The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. 2015 Mar 12.
- Steckelberg A, Johnson CY, Florit G, Alcantara C. These are the top coronavirus vaccines to watch. The Washington Post. 2020 Aug 24 (updated Sep 8).
- Akpan N. Fauci “seriously doubts” the Russia vaccine is ready for widespread use. National Geographic. 2020 Aug 11.
- Aronczyk A, Gonzalez S. Where’s the vaccine? NPR. 2020 Mar 6.
- Pandemic influenza vaccine manufacturing process and timeline. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 7. World Health Organization. 2009 Aug 6.
- Restifo NP, Ying H, Hwang L, Leitner WW. The promise of nucleic acid vaccines. Gene Ther. 2000 Jan;7(2):89–92.
- Ura T, Okuda K, Shimada M. Developments in viral vector-based vaccines. Vaccines (Basel). 2014 Sep;2(3);624–641.
- Nigrovic LE, Thompson KM. Epidemiol Infect. 2007 Jan;135(1):1–8.
- Kennedy JF. John F. Kennedy moon speech—Rice Stadium. 1962 Sep 12.
- O’Keefe SM. One in three Americans would not get COVID-19 vaccine. Gallup. 2020 Aug 7.
- D’Souza G, Dowdy D. What is herd immunity and how can we achieve it with COVID-19? Johns Hopkins. COVID-19 School of Public Health Expert Insights. 2020 Apr 10.
- Sullivan P. Azar on Russia vaccine claim: Point is to be ‘safe and effective.’ The Hill. 2020 Aug 11.