Lessons Learned
I do not claim to have the answer to this conundrum, but all physicians can learn very important lessons from this experience. We need to be cautious about adopting therapies that make sense because, in the fullness of time, we may recognize that such a decision was misguided. And we need to be humble in judging previous practices made in good faith by physicians who thought they were doing the right thing for their patients.
I have been in medicine long enough to see the error of such ideas as “don’t start treatment of rheumatoid arthritis until it has been present for at least a year, because it might go away, and the treatments are very toxic.” In many cases, what we consider standard of care in 2022 may be regarded with derision decades later.
Richard Brasington Jr., MD, FACP, MACR, is emeritus professor of medicine at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, where he was director of the Rheumatology Fellowship Program for 23 years. He is now a part-time community rheumatologist in Creve Coeur, Mo., and Chester, Ill. He is a Master of the ACR, and was elected to the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society and the Gold Humanism Honor Society. He served as an associate editor of The Rheumatologist from 2012–17.
References
- Porter J, Jick H. Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics. N Engl J Med. 1980 Jan 10;302(2):123.
- Tennant F Jr, Robinson D, Sagherian A, Seecof R. Chronic opioid treatment of intractable, non-malignant pain. NIDA Res Monogr. 1988;81:174–180.
- Rummans TA, Burton MC, Dawson NL. How good intentions contributed to the opioid crisis: The Opioid Crisis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018 Mar;93(3):344–350.
- Quality improvement guidelines for the treatment of acute pain and cancer pain. American Pain Society Quality of Care Committee. JAMA. 1995 Dec 20;274(23):1874–1880.
- Baker DW. The Joint Commission’s pain standards: Origins and evolution. Oakbrook Terrace, Ill. The Joint Commission. 2017.
- Baker DW. History of the Joint Commission’s pain standards: Lessons for today’s prescription opioid epidemic. JAMA. 2017 Mar 21;317(11):1117–1118.
- Morgan MM, MacDonald JC. Analysis of opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence from cell culture to human. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Oct;164(4):1322–1334.
- Bay Area Addiction Research and Treatment. When did the opioid crisis start? 2 Nov 2020. https://baartprograms.com/when-did-the-opioid-crisis-start.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding the opioid overdose epidemic. https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html.
- Dowell D. Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016: March 18;65(1):1–49.
- Barnett ML. Opioid prescribing in the midst of crisis—Myths and realities. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 19;382(12):1086–1088.
- Teresi L. Hijacking the brain: How drug and alcohol addiction hijacks our brains—the science behind twelve-step recovery. AuthorHouse. Bloomington, Ind. 2011.
- Compton WM, Jones CM, Baldwin GT. Relationship between non-medical–prescription opioid use and heroin use. New Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 14;374(2):154–163.
- Mills, L. “Not allowed to be compassionate”: Chronic pain, the overdose crisis, and unintended harms in the U.S. Human Rights Watch. 18 Dec 2018. https://tinyurl.com/24p8d6mp.
- Dowell D, Jones C, Compton WC. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Working Group on Patient-Centered Reduction or Discontinuation of Long-term Opioid Analgesics. October 2019. https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/sites/default/files/2019-10/Dosage_Reduction_Discontinuation.pdf.
- Barnett, ML. Ibid.
- Coffin PO, Barreveld AM. Inherited patients taking opioids for chronic pain—Considerations for primary care. N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 17;386(7):611–613.
- Comerci Jr. G, Katzman J, Duhigg D. Controlling the swing of the opioid pendulum. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 22;378(8):691–693.
- Hemel DJ, Ouellette LL. Innovation institutions and the opioid crisis. J Law Biosci. 2020 Jan–Dec;7(1):lsaa001.
- Volkow ND, Koob GF, McClellan AT. Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan;374:363–371.
- Camí J, Farré M. Drug addition. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:975–986.