Dr. Straub is professor of experimental rheumatology and neuroendocrino-immunology in the department of internal medicine I at the University Hospital in Regensburg, Germany. Dr. Cutolo is professor in the research laboratory and academic unit of clinical rheumatology in the department of internal medicine at the University of Genoa in Italy.
References
- Moore RY, Eichler VB. Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res. 1972;42:201-206.
- Straub RH, Cutolo M. Circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic management. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:399-408.
- Olsen NJ, Brooks RH, Furst D. Variability of immunologic and clinical features in patients with rheumatoid arthritis studied over 24 hours. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:940-943.
- Petersen I, Baatrup G, Brandslund I, et al. Circadian and diurnal variation of circulating immune complexes, complement-mediated solubilization, and the complement split product C3d in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1986;15:113-118.
- Crofford LJ, Kalogeras KT, Mastorakos G, et al. Circadian relationships between interleukin (IL)-6 and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones: Failure of IL-6 to cause sustained hypercortisolism in patients with early untreated rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82:1279-1283.
- Arvidson NG, Gudbjornsson B, Larsson A, Hallgren R. The timing of glucocorticoid administration in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997;56:27-31.
- Buttgereit F, Doering G, Schaeffler A, Szechninski J, Alten R. New modified-release (MR) tablet formulation of prednisone significantly reduces duration of morning stiffness compared to standard prednisone in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (Abstract). Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66 (Suppl. II):52.
- Scheinman RI, Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK, Baldwin AS Jr. Role of transcriptional activation of I kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids. Science. 1995;270:283-286.
- Ray KP, Farrow S, Daly M, Talabot F, Searle N. Induction of the E-selectin promoter by interleukin 1 and tumour necrosis factor alpha, and inhibition by glucocorticoids. Biochem J. 1997;328(Pt 2):707-715.
- Zeidler H, Rau R, Steinfeld P. Efficacy and safety of low dose prednisolone in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (Abstract). Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(Suppl. 9):271.
- Kees MG, Pongratz G, Kees F, Schölmerich J, Straub RH. Via beta-adrenoceptors, stimulation of extrasplenic sympathetic nerve fibers inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF secretion in perfused rat spleen. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;145:77-85.